November 29
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Events on This Day
1825 - Rossini’s Barber of Seville was presented in New York City. It was the first Italian opera to be presented in the United States.1890 - The first Army-Navy football game was played at West Point, New York. The midshipmen from Annapolis dominated, shutting out the cadets, 24-0. They’ve been stealing each other’s mascots ever since.
1929 - After completing his first flight over the North Pole on this same day in 1926, Lt. Commander Richard E. Byrd flew over the South Pole on this day. He became the first American to achieve such a feat.
1929 - The NBC chimes first bong-bong-bonged on this day. The radio network identifier was broadcast over NBC’s Red and Blue networks. A man in the New York studio would manually sound them at 29 minutes, 30 seconds past each hour, and at 59 minutes, 30 seconds. The chimes became the most familiar three-note song of 20th-century New York.
1932 - The Gay Divorce opened in New York City. The Cole Porter musical, later to be a movie, featured the classic, Night and Day.
1938 - Tommy Dorsey and his orchestra waxed Hawaiian War Chant for Victor Records. We suggest you fry up some humuhumunukunukuapuaa tonight in honor of this occasion. Yum...
1943 - The U.S. aircraft carrier Hornet was commissioned. Her combat record in World War II was remarkable. Under attack 59 times in 18 months of combat operations, Hornet’s air groups and AA guns shot down 668 Japanese planes, destroyed another 747 aircraft on the ground, sank 73 ships (with another 37 probable sinkings), and damaged an additional 413 vessels.
1947 - Louis Armstrong and his sextet lit up Carnegie Hall in New York City with a night of jazz -- and more.
1947 - The U.N. General Assembly passed Resolution 181, calling for the partition of the British-ruled Palestine Mandate into a Jewish state and an Arab state.
1948 - The first opera to be televised was broadcast from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. Otello, by Verdi, was presented over WJZ-TV in New York.
1950 - I Fly Anything, starring singer Dick Haymes in the role of cargo pilot Dockery Crane, premiered on ABC Radio. With a title like that, is it any wonder the show only lasted one season? Haymes went back to singing and did very well, thank you.
1953 - American Airlines started the first regular two-way non-stop air service from L.A. to N.Y.
1955 - Ohio State halfback Howard ‘Hopalong’ Cassady received the Heisman Memorial Trophy as the year’s best college football player.
1956 - Bells Are Ringing opened at Shubert Theater on Broadway. The musical was directed by Jerome Robbins and choreographed by Robbins and Bob Fosse. The story revolved around Ella, who worked at an answering service (where phone bells used to actually ring), and the characters that she met there. Judy Holliday starred as Ella and Sydney Chaplin as Jeff Moss. The show also featured Jean Stapleton as Sue Summers, and Eddie Lawrence as Sandor. The bells rang on Broadway for 924 performances. Three of the show's tunes, Long Before I Knew You, Just in Time and The Party’s Over, became popular standards. And Judy Holliday reprised her Broadway starring role in the 1960 film of the same name, also starring Dean Martin.
1959 - The Grammy Awards were shown on network television for the first time. (It was actually the second year of the Grammy Awards.) Mack the Knife won Record of the Year and Bobby Darin, who belted it out, was Best New Artist of the Year. Frank Sinatra won Album of the Year for Come Dance with Me. Jimmy Driftwood penned the Song of the Year: The Battle of New Orleans, which also won Country and Western Performance of the Year honors for Johnny Horton. The Best Folk Performance of the Year went to The Kingston Trio for their ...at Large recording. The Best Performance by a Top 40 Artist was Nat King Cole’s Midnight Flyer and the Grammy for Best Comedy Performance, Musical, went to Homer & Jethro for their immortal The Battle of Kookamonga.
1961 - NASA launched Enos the chimp from Cape Canaveral aboard a Mercury-Atlas 5 spacecraft, which orbited the earth twice before returning.
1962 - Major-league baseball decided to return to playing only one All-Star Game a year beginning in 1963. There had been two games (doubleheaders) each year since 1959.
1962 - Great Britain and France jointly announced the signing of a treaty that allowed the countries to jointly build the SST (supersonic transport), the Concorde.
1963 - U.S. Chief Justice Earl Warren was appointed to head the commission to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The group became known as the Warren Commission.
1967 - U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara announced he was leaving the Johnson administration to become president of the World Bank.
1975 - Shake your disco booties along with this one. Silver Convention had the #1 pop tune this day, called Fly, Robin, Fly.
1975 - Graham Hill, Formula One World Champion in 1962 and 1968, and father of champion racer Damon Hill, was killed in a light plane crash.
1975 - Kilauea Volcano erupted in Hawaii. The eruption created a magnitude 7.2 earthquake on the south flank of Kilauea -- the largest earthquake in over a century -- causing some $4 million in damage. The movement of the south flank during the earthquake generated a tsunami, killing two people.
1981 - Actress Natalie Wood (Splendor in the Grass, West Side Story) drowned in a boating accident off Santa Catalina Island, CA. She was 43 years old.
1983 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 1287.20 -- a new record.
1986 - Actor Cary Grant died on this day at the age of 82. Grant, one of the most debonair of Hollywood’s leading men, left us with many great cinematic performances: Night and Day, Arsenic and Old Lace, She Done Him Wrong, The Awful Truth, The Philadelphia Story, To Catch a Thief, North by Northwest and many more.
1986 - The blockbuster five-record set, Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band Live/1975-85, debuted at #1 on the album charts this day. No five-record set had made the top 25 until then. No five-record set had ever gone platinum until then. The price tag? $25.
1989 - Czechoslovakia’s Federal Assembly voted to end 41 years of Communist rule.
1991 - Seventeen people were killed in a 164-vehicle pileup during a dust storm on Interstate 5 near Coalinga, California.
1992 - Emilio Pucci, Italian fashion designer for celebrities such as Jackie Kennedy, died. He was 78 years old.
1994 - The city of Seoul celebrated its 600th anniversary as the capital of Korea.
1995 - U.S. President Bill Clinton opened a five-day European trip in London. During his stay, Clinton met with British Prime Minister John Major and addressed the British Parliament.
1997 - Former Detroit Mayor Coleman Young died at 79 years of age. Young was the Motor City’s first black mayor and held the office for an unprecedented five terms.
1999 - U.S. President Bill Clinton signed the Satellite Television Home Viewers Act which allowed satellite companies to compete with cable TV.
2001 - Former Beatle George Harrison died of cancer in LA. He was 58 years old.
2002 - The White House quietly announced that federal workers would be getting a smaller than normal pay raise because U.S. President George Bush (II) was freezing part of the increase, citing the ‘fight against terrorism’.
2003 - Beyonce Knowles, Bono, Peter Gabriel and other musicians from around the world performed for a South African AIDS benefit concert hosted by former South African President Nelson Mandela.
2004 - The U.S. Supreme Court rejected a challenge to a gay-marriage law in Massachusetts.
2004 - John Drew Barrymore, aka John Drew, the sometimes troubled heir to an acting dynasty and father of movie star Drew Barrymore, died in Los Angeles. He was 72 years old.
2005 - As the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season neared its official end, the 26th named storm of the season, Tropical Storm Epsilon, formed east of Bermuda.
2006 - Fire destroyed a workshop in Russia’s largest steel mill, killing six people. Firefighters were hampered by temperatures of 17 degrees below zero at the OAO Magnitogorsk Iron & Steel Works plant in the Ural Mountains.
2006 - The U.S. banned exports of luxury items to North Korea. Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez charged that North Korea’s leader Kim Jong-Il was splurging while the country’s population suffered. The list of items specifically banned inluded iPods, jet skis, cigarettes and plasma TV sets.
2008 - A 60-hour terror rampage that killed at least 173 people across Mumbai ended when commandos killed the last three gunmen inside the Taj Mahal hotel.
2008 - Hundreds of people were killed in the central Nigerian city of Jos as Christians and Muslims clashed over the result of a local election. Over 10,000 people were displaced from their homes and sought refuge in churches, mosques and police barracks.
2009 - Switzerland held a nationwide referendum to ban Muslim minarets (tall spires). Over 57% of Swiss voters approved the ban. The four minarets already attached to mosques in the country were not affected by the law.
2009 - Filmmaker Roman Polanski was released from a Swiss prison, with the help of French President Nicolas Sarkozy. Polanski had been arrested on Sep 27 when he arrived at the Zurich Film Festival in Switzerland. He was convicted in 1978 for raping a 13-year-old girl in the Los Angeles home of actor Jack Nicholson. He pled guilty to the crime but fled the U.S. prior to sentencing.
2010 - Wal-Mart announced its $2.3 billion acquistion of 51% of South Africa’s Massmart, giving Wal-Mart a substantial presence in South Africa.
2011 - U.S. immigration officials in San Diego, California announced that they had uncovered a 600-yard cross-border tunnel and 32 tons of marijuana had been seized. The undergournd passage was equipped with a hydraulic lift, electric rail cars, a wooden staircase and wood floors from one end to the other, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s Derek Benner told the Associated Press.
2011 - Conrad Murray, the convicted doctor in the 2009 overdose of pop singer Michael Jackson, was sentenced in Los Angeles to 4 years behind bars. Murray was released from Los Angeles Men’s Central Jail on Oct 28, 2013 after serving two years.
2014 - The British government reported that some 13,000 people in Britain had been victims of trafficking, sexual exploitation or other forms of modern slavery in 2013. The number was about four times larger than previously thought and included women and girls forced into prostitution or sexually exploited for profit, domestic servants working for little or no pay, and laborers forced to work in farms, factories and fishing boats.
2015 - Collection of telecommunication metadata by the National Security Agency (NSA) ended following a halt ordered by Congress. The program had begun in secret in 2001 under POTUS George Bush (II).
2016 - Scientists reported that warming oceans had caused the largest die-off of corals ever recorded on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. “Most of the losses in 2016 have occurred in the northern, most-pristine part of the Great Barrier Reef,” Prof Terry Hughes said. “This region escaped with minor damage in two earlier bleaching events in 1998 and 2002, but this time around it has been badly affected.” Climate change posed such a threat to the reef that the former head of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority called for a ban on all new coal mines in Australia.
2016 - The largest fire to hit Tennessee in a century killed four people, injured about four dozen, and destroyed hundreds of homes and other buildings. The flames drove more than 14,000 people from the Great Smoky Mountain tourist city of Gatlinburg, which was under a curfew. Hurricane force winds drove the fast spreading fire.
2017 - NBC-TV fired Matt Lauer, long-time co-host of Today over allegations of inappropriate sexual behavior. A female colleague made a detailed complaint accusing him of inappropriate sexual behavior during the 2014 Sochi Olympics. The New York Times reported that two other women had made complaints about Lauer after he was fired. Lauer reportedly had a salary of $20 million per year at the time of his firing.
2018 - Police in Russia’s fourth-largest city of Yekaterinburg seized children’s paintings because they contained depictions of gay love. A high school drawing competition on the subject of tolerance had featured several drawings which depicted same-sex couples.
2018 - Ukraine’s infrastructure minister, Volodymyr Omelyan, said the Ukrainian Azov Sea ports of Berdyansk and Mariupol had been blockaded by Russia. Ukraine’s vessels were being barred from leaving and entering. “The goal is simple - by placing a blockade on Ukrainian ports on the Azov Sea, Russia hopes to drive Ukraine out of our own territory - territory that is ours in accordance with all relevant international laws,” Omelyan said.
2019 - Two people were killed in a terrorist attack in the heart of London. Three others were injured in the stabbing incident in the London Bridge area. The attacker, identified as convicted terrorist Usman Khan, was restrained until police arrived. After he flashed what looked like a suicide vest police shot him dead.
2019 - Singapore ordered Facebook to publish a correction on a user’s social media post under a new ‘fake news’ law. A correction notice was soon embedded at the bottom of the original Facebook post -- without any alterations to the text.
2020 - Some 34 people were killed in Afghanistan in two separate suicide bombings that targeted a military base and a provincial chief. In eastern Ghazni province, 31 soldiers were killed and 24 others wounded when the attacker drove a military humvee full of explosives onto an army commando base before detonating the car bomb. Another suicide car bomber targeted the convoy of a provincial council chief in Zabul province, killing at least three people and wounding 21 others.
2020 - Indonesia reported a record daily rise in coronavirus infections with 6,267 cases, bringing the total to 534,266. Total fatalities rose to 16,815 with 169 new COVID-19 deaths.
2021 - Malaysia and Singapore reopened their joint border -- one of the world’s busiest land borders -- allowing vaccinated travelers to cross. This, after nearly two years of being closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2022 - A federal jury in Washington found Stewart Rhodes guilty of seditious conspiracy. Rhodes was the leader of the far-right Oath Keepers group. His group and others in a mob of then-President Donald Trump’s supporters had attacked the U.S. Capitol Building Jan 6, 2021. The jury also convicted Florida chapter leader Kelly Meggs of seditious conspiracy, a rarely used Civil War-era felony. Rhodes, Meggs, and three other defendants were found guilty of obstruction of an official proceeding by seeking to prevent Congress from certifying Joe Biden’s victory over Trump in the 2020 election. The Justice Department had charged more than 900 people over the riot.
and more...
Birthdays on This Day November 29
1607 - John Harvard
clergyman, scholar: Harvard College named for him; died Sep 14, 16381816 - Morrison R. Waite
attorney: seventh Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court [1874-1888]; died Mar 23, 18881832 - Louisa May Alcott
author: Little Women; died Mar 6, 18881895 - Busby Berkeley (William Berkeley Enos)
choreographer, director: Forty Second Street, Gold Diggers of 1935, Footlight Parade, Hollywood Hotel, Stage Struck, Gold Diggers in Paris, Babes in Arms, Strike Up the Band, Girl Crazy, Take Me Out to the Ball Game, Babes on Broadway, For Me and My Gal; died Mar 14, 19761898 - C.S. (Clive Staples) Lewis
Christian novelist, columnist, author: Chronicles of Narnia, Out of the Silent Planet; died Nov 22, 19631908 - Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
member U.S. House of Representatives [NY 1945-1961]; died Apr 4, 19721917 - Merle Travis
songwriter: 16 Tons, Smoke, Smoke, Smoke That Cigarette, Petal from a Faded Rose, Cincinnati Lou, Information Please; singer: Re-enlistment Blues in From Here to Eternity, John Henry Junior, Barbara Allen; died Oct 20, 19831918 - Madeleine L’Engle
author: A Wrinkle in Time, Summer of the Great-Grandmother; died Sep 6, 20071925 - Minnie (Saturnino Orestes Armas) Minoso
baseball: Cleveland Indians, Chicago White Sox [led league in stolen bases: 1951-1953/all-star: 1951-1954, 1957, 1959, 1960], SL Cardinals, Washington Senators; died Mar 1, 20151927 - Vin Scully
radio/TV sportscaster: 67 seasons with the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers [1950-2016]; died Aug 2, 20221932 - Ed Bickert
musician: jazz guitarist: group: Paul Desmond Quartet; died Feb 28, 20191932 - Jacques Chirac
President of France [1995–2007]; died Sep 26, 20191932 - John Gary (Strader)
singer: 23 albums for RCA, other labels: Briarwood, Kama Sutra, Churchhill, Fraternity; songwriter: Possum Song, Plight of the Bumble Bee, The Bell Rings, Forget It, Warm and Tender Glow; diver, inventor: holds two patents on underwater propulsion devices [diving buddy and aqua-peller]; died Jan 4, 19981933 - John Mayall
songwriter, bandleader: The Bluesbreakers: Steppin’ Out1933 - James Rosenquist
American pop artist: Silo [1963], World’s Fair Mural [1964], Off the Continental Divide [1973], Marilyn [1974], Sunglasses - Landing Net - Triangle [1974], Pale Tent II [1976]; died Mar 31, 20171935 - Diane Ladd (Rose Diane Ladnier)
actress: Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore, Rambling Rose, The Cemetery Club, Chinatown, Father Hood, Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, The Grace Kelly Story, Desperate Lives, I Married a Centerfold, National Lampoon’s Christmas Vacation, Alice1939 - Dick (Richard John) McAuliffe
baseball: Detroit Tigers [All-Star: 1965-1967/World Series: 1968], Boston Red Sox; died May 13, 20161939 - Meco (Domenico Monardo)
musician: Star Wars Theme; music producer: Never Can Say Goodbye; died May 26, 20231940 - Denny Doherty
singer: group: The Mamas and The Papas: Monday, Monday, California Dreamin’, Words of Love, Dedicated to the One I Love, Creeque Alley; TV host; died Jan 19, 20071940 - Chuck Mangione
Grammy Award-winning composer: Bellavia [1976]; theme for 1980 Winter Olympics: Give It All You Got; musician: flugelhorn: Feels So Good, Land of Make Believe, The Hill Where the Lord Hides1941 - Bill (William Ashley) Freehan
baseball: Univ. of Michigan, Detroit Tigers [All-Star: 1964-1973, 1975; Gold Glove: 1965-1969/World Series: 1968]; died Aug 19, 20211941 - Jody Miller
Grammy Award-winning singer: Queen of the House [1965]; There’s a Party Goin’ On, Look at Mine, He’s So Fine, Baby I’m Yours, Darling, You Can Always Come Back Home, Be My Baby1942 - Felix Cavaliere
singer, group: The (Young) Rascals: Groovin’, Good Lovin’, Beautiful Morning, People Gotta Be Free; solo: LPs: Destiny, Treasure, Castle in the Air1947 - Suzy Chaffee
skier: captain: U.S. Women’s Olympic ski team, pro tour of free-style skiing: world championship winner [1971-1973]; Board of Directors: U.S. Olympic Committee [1976]; commercial spokesperson: Chapstick1947 - Joe Inman
golf: champ: 1976 Kemper Open, 1969 North and South Amateur; member: 1969 Walker Cup team1949 - Garry Shandling
comedian, actor: The Larry Sanders Show, It’s Garry Shandling’s Show; died Mar 24, 20161951 - Barry Goudreau
musician: guitar: groups: Orion the Hunter, Boston: More Than a Feeling, Long Time, Peace of Mind, Don’t Look Back, Man I’ll Never Be, LP: Boston1951 - Brian Job
swimmer: Stanford University1952 - Jeff Fahey
actor: Silverado, One Life to Live, Diablita, Crimson Force, Ghost Rock, Day of Redemption, Maniacts, Wolf Lake, Choosing Matthias, The Execution of Raymond Graham, 444 Days1954 - Ethan Coen
film writer, director, producer [w/brother Joel]: Blood Simple, Fargo, The Big Lebowski, O Brother, Where Art Thou?, No Country for Old Men, True Grit [2010]1955 - Howie Mandel
comedian; actor: St. Elsewhere, Good Grief!; cartoon voice: Bobby’s World; game-show host: Deal or No Deal1957 - Janet Napolitano
lawyer, politician: 21st Governor of Arizona [2003-2009]; first woman to serve as the U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security [2009-2013]; 20th president of the University of California system [2013–2020]1959 - Neal Broten
hockey [center]: member of 1980 U.S. Winter Olympic team; NHL: Minnesota North Stars, New Jersey Devils, L.A. Kings, Dallas Stars; first NHL player to score 100 pionts in a single season1960 - Cathy Moriarty
actress: Casper, The Mambo Kings, Soapdish, Me and the Kid, Kindergarten Cop, Matinee, Raging Bull; restaurant owner: Beverly Hills Pizzaria1961 - Kim Delaney
Emmy Award-winning actress: NYPD Blue [1997]; Philly, All My Children, The Delta Force, Perry Mason: The Case of the Sinister Spirit, The Drifter, Darkman II: The Return of Durant, Mission to Mars1961 - Tom Sizemore
actor: Pearl Harbor, Guilty by Suspicion, Passenger 57, Striking Distance, Wyatt Earp, Natural Born Killers, Saving Private Ryan, Black Hawk Down1962 - Andrew McCarthy
actor: The Courtyard, Weekend at Bernie’s series, Mannequin, St. Elmo’s Fire1964 - Don Cheadle
actor: Picket Fences, Devil in a Blue Dress, Boogie Nights, Bulworth, A Lesson Before Dying, Mission to Mars, Rush Hour 2, Ocean’s Eleven1968 - Jonathan (Rashleigh) Knight
singer, dancer: group: New Kids on the Block: You Got It (The Right Stuff), This One’s for the Children1969 - Mariano Rivera
baseball [pitcher]: New York Yankees [1995-2013]: World Series champs [1996, 1998, 1999 (MVP), 2000, 2009], 13-time MLB All-Star, holds league record for career saves1971 - Brad May
hockey [left wing]: Buffalo Sabres, Vancouver Canucks, Phoenix Coyotes, Colorado Avalanche1971 - Gena Lee Nolin
actress: Baywatch, The Flunky, The Underground Comedy Movie, Airheads, Sheena1972 - Brian Baumgartner
actor: The Office, License to Wed, House of Good and Evil, Hot in Cleveland, Mike & Molly1972 - Jamal Mashburn
basketball [forward]: Univ of Kentucky; NBA: Dallas Mavericks, Miami Heat, Charlotte/New Orleans Hornets1976 - Chadwick Boseman
actor: Get On Up, Marshall, Black Panther, Captain America: Civil War, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers 4, Lincoln Heights, Persons Unknown, The Express, Draft Day, Message from the King; died Aug 28, 20201976 - Anna Faris
actress: Smiley Face, Scary Movie, Brokeback Mountain, Southern Belles, Spelling Bee, Lost in Translation1977 - Maria Petrova
Olympic figure skating champ [w/pairs partner Aleksei Tikhonov] won World Championship [2000], placed 6th at 2002 Winter Olympics & 5th at 2006 Winter Olympics; they won silver medal at the 2005 World Figure Skating Championships, bronze at 2006 World Figure Skating Championships1977 - Nate Webster
football [linebacker]: Univ of Miami; NFL: Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Cincinnati Bengals and Denver Broncos1978 - Lauren German
actress: Lucifer, Hawaii Five-0 [2011, 2012], The Divide, Chicago Fire, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre [2003], Hostel: Part II, A Walk to Remember1979 - Dane Bowers
singer: Buggin’, Out of Your Mind, Shut Up and Forget About It, Another Lover; group: Another Level: Be Alone No More, Holding Back the Years, Guess I Was a Fool, Bomb Diggy, From the Heart, Summertime1980 - Janina Gavankar
actress: True Blood, The L Word, Arrow, The Mysteries of Laura, Papi, The Gates, The League, Arrow; more1982 - Lucas Black
actor: NCIS: New Orleans, American Gothic, Sling Blade, Jarhead, Friday Night Lights, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, Legion, Get Low, All the Pretty Horses1982 - Gemma Chan
actress: Crazy Rich Asians, Humans, Secret Diary of a Call Girl, Fresh Meat, Bedlam, Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, Transformers: The Last Knight1985 - Shannon Brown
basketball [guard]: NBA: Cleveland Cavaliers [2006–2008]; Chicago Bulls [2008]; Charlotte Bobcats [2008–2009]; Los Angeles Lakers [2009–2011]: 2009, 2010 NBA champs; Phoenix Suns [2011–2013]; San Antonio Spurs [2014]; New York Knicks [2014]; Miami Heat [2014-2015]1988 - Russell Wilson
football [QB]: Univ of Wisconsin [2012 Rose Bowl]; NFL: Seattle Seahawks [2012-2021]: 2014 Super Bowl XLVIII champs, 2015 Super Bowl XLIX; Denver Broncos [2022– ]1990 - Diego Boneta
actor: Rebelde, 90210, Pretty Little Liars, Rock of Ages; singer: LPs: Diego, Indigo1993 - Stefon Diggs
football [wide receiver]: NFL: Minnesota Vikings [2015–2019]; Buffalo Bills [2020– ]1995 - Laura Marano
actress: Austin & Ally, The X’s, Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader, Without a Trace, Back to You, A Sort of Homecoming, The Sarah Silverman Program, Bad Hair Day; more
and still more...
Hit Music on This Day November 29
1952You Belong to Me (facts) - Jo Stafford
Glow Worm (facts) - The Mills Brothers
1961
1970
1979
1988
1997
2006
2015
and even more...
Those were the days, my friend. We thought they’d never end...
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